Hi Haggle,
Device cannot start (code 10) indicates a problem with the driver.
The fact that the speaker still produces noise, if only at half volume for half the time, is evidence of this.
If the speaker itself were damaged or blown, Windows would still report it as working, yet you'd get no sound.
The solution then is to remove audio drivers with Driver Sweeper, then reinstall. If that fails, you could do the same for your motherboard however should not be necessary.
As for your headphones, I would recommend standard line-in 3.5mm jack stereo. USB audio devices are fickle at times. Most are plug and play though it may be driver/software related.
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