I can now answer my initial question for all others that are concerned as well. Research works as follows:
1) When you hit 16 you can go to your trainer, spend one point in research and get the skill to 16
2) You can not raise it any further at this time
3) At 17 and 18 it is still not possible to raise the skill in any way (not at trainer, not by research)
4) At 19 you can train up to skill level 20
5) Every level from there on the skill cap grows by 5
6) Your trainer can train you in research
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