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Originally Posted by fash
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Hang on there. That study concerned IQ and involvement in acts violence, not general education nor exposure to lifetime violence.
Regarding involvement in violence, I would wager single motherhood, abusive childhoods, and genetics. See below.
Regarding IQ, I can't really hazard a guess as to what's the strongest indicator. There are many environmental and genetic factors there.
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http://www.antoniocasella.eu/archipsy/Beaver_2013.pdf (this one doesn't explore single motherhood explicitly)
IIRC, there is a .8 or .9 correlation between divorce rates and violent crime based on per-city census bureau & fbi data (I forget the specifics). That's higher than correlation with either poverty rate, unemployment rate, or black population, which were all sub .5 correlation coefficient. If it's important I can try to dig up the source.
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You don't need to hazard a guess because there's a substantial body of evidence, early education programs for low income children have shown through years of meta analysis to have an effect on IQ of at least around 7 points. There are other factors as well obviously.